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The percentage of the urban population (versus rural) has increased from 75.6 percent in 1991 to 81.2 percent, according to the 2000 Census. Of the 169.5 million Brazilians, 40.3 million (23.81 percent) live in the capitals. A fourth of these, or 10,406,166 people, live in the largest city in the country, São Paulo. (The state of São Paulo, incidentally, has 36.9 million people, or 21.8 percent of the Brazilian population). In comparison, the smallest city in the nation is also in São Paulo; Borá, with 795 residents.
According to Rosana Baeninger, researcher of the Center for Population Studies at the State University of Campinas (Unicamp), the country today is in the third cycle of urbanization marked by intra-regional movements. In other words, people establish themselves in small cities and leave the region as they receive offers of work. The first cycle began in the 1970s, marked by migrations from the North and Northeast, principally in the direction of Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo. During this period, 30 million Brazilians migrated. In the second wave, these migrants went to medium-sized cities and the Southeast and, between 1980 and the beginning of the 1990s, received almost 10 million migrants. In the last 10 years, the migrants went from cities of the same region or the same state.
Today, (the third cycle), the movements that predominate are intra-regional movements, between cities of regions, with economic vocations well established. There has been a redistribution of the population for smaller cities and these cities can only be understood by their vocations in the context of the region that they belong to. One example is Campinas, in the interior of São Paulo. Even though it has great economic strength, it did not achieve one million inhabitants in the 2000 census because its neighbor cities, such as Sumaré and PaulÃnia, grew at more accelerated rates.
As previously stated, 90.5 percent of the population of the Southeast region lives in cities while in the North and Northeast it is less than 70 percent. These numbers, however, are misleading. Urban areas, according to the IBGE, are determined by city laws which determine city boundaries. Did urban growth, then, increase because the cities increased their boundaries, or did the boundaries remain the same and the populations within them grow? According to Bernardete Waldvogel, the coordinator of the area of population studies of Seade, there are many people living in urban areas that are officially still rural because the city has not updated the definition of its urban perimeters |
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